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GRE邏輯單題方法論|記住解題“公式”，便能事半功倍~

發(fā)布時(shí)間：2024/07/29 14:03:33

瀏覽次數(shù)：

改革后的GRE閱讀依然保留了邏輯單題(argument)，只是題量不再是固定每個(gè)section一道，根據(jù)學(xué)生的反饋，很多時(shí)候兩個(gè)section只有一道。雖然題量少，但邏輯單題卻并不簡單，有時(shí)候占用時(shí)間較長。好在邏輯題有其獨(dú)特的出題模式和解題方法，只要記住解題“公式”，便能事半功倍。

首先，什么是邏輯單題？簡單來說，邏輯單題就是一系列前提條件得出一個(gè)結(jié)論。這個(gè)論證的過程有的嚴(yán)密有的不嚴(yán)密，所以結(jié)論的可信度有強(qiáng)弱之分。

目前我們的邏輯題有以下幾種問法：

1, strengthens: which of the following, if true, would strengthen the given argument?

2, weakens: which of the following, if true, would weaken the given argument?

3, assumption: the given argument is based on which of the following assumptions?

4, missing - info: which of the following data is required to evaluate the validity of the given argument?

5, implication: from the information given above, it can be concluded that…

From the information given above, it can not be concluded that…

6, discrepancy: which of the following, if true, best resolves the discrepancy above?

Or which of the following explains the apparent paradox in the argument ?

7, sentence relationship: In the argument given, the two highlighted portions play which of the following roles?

大致總結(jié)一下其實(shí)就是六大類：1，找assumption 2，找它因以加固或減弱結(jié)論 3，句子關(guān)系（搞清楚fact, assumption, theory, position 之間的區(qū)別） 4，補(bǔ)充邏輯鏈條。6，找矛盾點(diǎn)以及調(diào)和方法。

我們以其中最難的 assumption 類型題目為例來解釋一下。首先什么是assumption呢？剛剛我們說了邏輯論證argument其實(shí)就是一系列前提條件得到結(jié)論。但很多時(shí)候論證的證據(jù)其實(shí)是不足以得出結(jié)論的，為了得出結(jié)論我們還需要加入其他一些必要條件。這種必要卻沒有明說的前提條件就是我們要找的assumption。

Assumption類型題目的做題方法是：對選項(xiàng)取非，取非之后代入文章，如果文章結(jié)論被破壞，那么該選項(xiàng)就是正確答案。我們來看一道例題：

例：

Currently, Sulandian television journalists are twice as likely as other workers to support the

Blue Party, and Sulandian journalism students are significantly more likely to support the Blue

Party than working television journalists are. Therefore, assuming that these students do not

change their political affiliations as they get older, the disparity between the political affiliations

of Sulandia’s television journalists and those of the rest of the working population will increase

as current Sulandian journalism students enter the profession.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. Few of the television journalists currently working in Sulandia were trained in Sulandian

journalism schools.

B. Journalists in Sulandia whose political affiliations differ from those of the general population

tend to allow their political views to affect the way they report news about politics.

C. Most of the television journalists currently working in Sulandia who support the Blue Party

also supported the Blue Party when they were students.

D. Support for the Blue party is not significantly less common among those current Sulaidan

journalism students who intend to become television journalists than it is among current Sulandian journalism students as a whole.

E. Classes in Sulandian journalism schools are not taught mainly by working Sulandian

journalists.

我們首先來梳理一下論證已知的前提條件和結(jié)論：

1，S電視臺的記者支持B黨的可能性是其他職業(yè)人員的2倍。

2，S電視臺的學(xué)生比S電視臺的記者更加支持B黨

3，假定這些學(xué)生未來不會改變他們的政治傾向

結(jié)論：隨著現(xiàn)在這些S電視臺學(xué)生進(jìn)入工作崗位，S電視臺的記者們和其他職業(yè)人員的政治理念差距會越來越大。

我們可以先思考一下這個(gè)論證的漏洞，即，它為了得到結(jié)論做了哪些unstated assumptions? 其實(shí)非常多，比如，這些S電視臺的學(xué)生一定會從事記者這個(gè)職業(yè)么？不一定吧，很多人從事的職業(yè)跟他的專業(yè)可能并不相關(guān)。就算要從事記者這個(gè)行業(yè)，一定會留在S電視臺么？留在S電視臺當(dāng)記者的學(xué)生一定是支持B黨的么？外面學(xué)校的學(xué)生就不能來S電視臺上班么？

以上任何一個(gè)問題的答案如果是否定的，都會影響我們的論證。當(dāng)然考試的時(shí)候我們沒有必要花大量時(shí)間去尋找各種可能性的漏洞，我們有一個(gè)最簡單的方法，就是優(yōu)先關(guān)注有否定詞(not, no)的選項(xiàng)，然后對它進(jìn)行取非，代入文章驗(yàn)證。

D，取非后：支持B黨的學(xué)生中，未來想做記者的人要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)少于想做其他職業(yè)的。那么等他們進(jìn)入工作崗位后，S電視臺記者和其他職業(yè)人員之間的disparity 就會縮小。否定文章結(jié)論，為正確答案。

我們來分析一下其他干擾選項(xiàng)：

A，偷換時(shí)間。文章的結(jié)論是從現(xiàn)在預(yù)測未來，過去如何不重要。

B，未改變現(xiàn)有證據(jù)和假定。政治觀點(diǎn)會不會影響新聞報(bào)道與結(jié)論不相關(guān)，屬于邏輯鏈條之外。

C，偷換時(shí)間。文章的結(jié)論是從現(xiàn)在預(yù)測未來，過去如何不重要。

E，未改變現(xiàn)有證據(jù)和假定。已經(jīng)給了前提，學(xué)生的觀點(diǎn)不會變，說明學(xué)校和老師對學(xué)生的影響因素被排除。

以上就是assumption類型題目的做題方法，同學(xué)們學(xué)會了么？

贊

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